Periodically, political and media discourse focuses on the myth of 'Black on Black crime', or the supposed threat of young Black men to safety of the presumed law-abiding majority. Convictions across indictable offence groups varied between ethnic groups in 2020, with drug offences accounting for the highest proportion of offenders within each ethnic group except for White offenders, where the highest proportion of convictions was for theft offences. Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Data and Evidence as a Service division of the Ministry of Justice: Damon Wingfield, Responsible Statistician and Head of Criminal Justice System Statistics in all age groups, Asian people were more likely to fear crime than White people. To allow users to assess the confidence they have in the data we are using, levels of missing or unreported ethnicity are reported throughout. Not all agencies provide ethnicity data; therefore, the race and ethnicity totals will not equal. A proven reoffence is defined as any offence committed in a one-year follow-up period that resulted in a court conviction, caution, reprimand or warning in this timeframe, or a further six-month waiting period to allow the offence to be proven in court[footnote 68]. So 61% of the population is committing 58% of the violent crimes, so the math lines up. In the year ending March 2021, there were 5,777 oral parole board hearings where ethnicity was recorded[footnote 55]. Figure 5.06: Relative Rate Index (RRI): The custodial sentencing rate for defendants expressed as a proportion of the of the overall sentencing rate for all defendants sentenced for indictable offences, 2016 to 2020, England and Wales. Women and the Criminal Justice System and Race and the Criminal Justice System; The Women and Race reports are compendium publications, each bringing together a wide range of statistics related to the criminal justice system, broken down by sex and by ethnicity. Since this previous period, homicides, overall, increased by 17%. A sharp instrument was the most frequent apparent method of killing across most ethnic groups, accounting for 40% of all homicides in the period between 2017/18 and 2019/20. overall, men were 6 times as likely to . Between 2019 and 2020, the number of prosecutions for possession of weapons offences fell by 17%. Custody rates have largely converged across ethnic groups between 2016 and 2019. , We were only able to match data on those children who are both in DfE and MoJ datasets so cannot provide analysis specifically for non-offenders with these characteristics. All estimates from the CSEW are for the year ending March 2020 and were therefore minimally affected by lockdown restrictions[footnote 10]. The number of stop and searches carried out by police has risen by 24% to almost 700,000 in a single year, with officers using the tactic on the . Where figures have been published, links are provided as part of the text and tables. RRI analysis showed that White defendants were more likely than all other ethnic groups to plead guilty at Crown Court. In 2020, Black and Mixed ethnic groups were particularly overrepresented in the proportion of prosecutions for possession of weapons offences, this has remained largely unchanged from 2016. Sharp and Budd (2005) noted that the 2003 offending, crime and justice survey of 12,000 people found that whites and mixed ethnicity were more . there were 697,405 stop and searches in England and Wales between April 2020 and March 2021, a rate of 12.4 per 1,000 people. CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk. Figure 5.05: Percentages of sentencing outcomes for all ethnicities, 2020, England and Wales. Proportions of defendants prosecuted for production, supply and intent to supply varied by year, with Black, Asian and Mixed defendants accounting for the highest proportions of defendants for Class A drugs (each 30% in 2020), while the Chinese or Other ethnic group accounted for t According to the most recent data available, the crime rate in England and Wales in the year ending March 2022 was 46,077 offenses per 100,000 people, which is 4% higher than the year ending March 2020. In 2020, a higher proportion of prosecutions of Black and Mixed defendants were against children, 12% and 14% respectively, compared to 5% of White defendants[footnote 63]. These data tables, which use the standard National Statistics harmonised ethnicity classification (based on the 2011 Census), are published annually and the latest release is available on the ONS website . Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons for England & Wales (HMI Prisons) aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. In 2020, 1% of children had long criminal histories, this was similar across all ethnic groups. Where ethnicity was known, first time offenders[footnote 64] accounted for 16% of all adult offenders cautioned or convicted for an indicatable offence in 2020. The ACSL was longest for Chinese or Other offenders at 14.7 months, followed by Black at 13.7 months, Mixed 13.2 months, Asian 12.1 months and White 10.6 months. Last modified on Fri 19 Nov 2021 00.29 EST. 11/1/2011 10/1/2011 11/1/2010. , Self-declared from HR records reported table 3_1_JO_Appt in the Judicial Diversity Statistics, 2021 publication, the quoted figure covers all court judges; Judicial Diversity Statistics 2017. London. Black suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches for offensive weapons (including firearms) at 19%, compared to 10 to 15% for all other ethnic groups[footnote 26]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Across the past 5 years, White defendants consistently had the highest guilty plea rate, at 79% in 2020, followed by defendants of the Mixed ethnic group at 73%, Chinese or Other ethnic groups at 72%, Asian at 68% and Black defendants at 66%. Principal suspects in homicides with all other ethnicities were most likely to be a stranger (Black 43%, Asian 28%, Other 65%). This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of different ethnic groups, how outcomes vary between groups and how this has changed over time. It examines offenders' characteristics as reported by . It covers statistics on stop and searches and arrests, which are published by the Home Office in the Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021[footnote 20]. A copy of this statement can be found at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. Most of the racism in America has been between the whites against the blacks and . 2, See technical guide for further information relating to the impact of COVID-19 on the courts. The parole board carry out risk assessments on prisoners to determine whether they can be safely released into the community. Over the past five years, concordance rates[footnote 40] for immediate custodial sentences across all ethnic groups (excluding Missing/Not Stated) increased from 73% in 2016 to 90% in 2018, followed by a small decrease to 87% in 2020. The overall style and composition of the report have also been changed: the condensing of commentary is intended to make it easier for readers to interpret the relative experiences of ethnic groups throughout the CJS. Almost half (49%) of homicide victims aged 15-17 and 37% of those aged 18-20 were from the Black ethnic group. During this three-year period, 38% of Black homicide victims were of age 20 or younger; 13% of White, 24% of Asian and 33% of Other ethnicity homicide victims were in this age group. The average number of assailants was 1.29 and did not vary significantly by the victims' race or ethnicity. The ethnic group question from the 2001 Census. Ministry of Justice, 3rd Floor, 10 South Colonnade, London, E14 4PU, General enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e-mailed to: ESD@justice.gov.uk, The structure and content of this report is continually being reviewed to reflect user requirements. 53% of prosecutions for this offence were for White defendants, 25% Black, 13% Asian, 6% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other ethnic groups. They include statistics on: Victims of crime, Police activity (stops and searches, and arrests), Over the last 5 years, there has been a decrease in the proportion of stop and searches conducted on Black individuals in London, from 36% in 2016/17 to 32% in 2020/21. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. Despite the large decrease in . , Overall pupil population referring to cohort 2014/15. 102 Petty France. , The Rehabilitation Activity Requirement was introduced in 2014 under the Offender Rehabilitation Act and requires the offender to attend appointments and participate in activities selected by their responsible officer to support their rehabilitation and reduce reoffending. , The Police National Computer has a 6+1 ethnicity classification. As shown in figure 5.03, the Chinese or Other and Black ethnic groups were more likely to be remanded in custody at Crown Court in 2020, at 51% and 49% respectively. For example, in 2020, 40% of all convictions of Black individuals were for drug offences. Therefore, to ensure comparability across year, these forces have been excluded from the calculations for the year on year change. Simon Hallsworth and Tara Young (2008) were sceptical, dismissing . A decline in custody rate was observed in 2020, likely a result of the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on courts and the prioritisation of non-jury trials . Graham and Bowling (1995) Found that blacks (43%) and whites (44%) had similar and almost identical rates of crime, but Asians actually had lower rates (Indians- 30%, Pakistanis-28% and Bangladeshi-13%). mayo 29, 2022 . In 2020, the custody rate for possession of weapons offences was highest for Black and Mixed offenders at 38%, the custody rate for White offenders was 36%, and 29% for both Asian and Chinese or Other offenders. The ACSL for sexual offences varied by ethnic group. In some cases, in contrast to fears of "racist" connotations of identifying individuals by their cultural background, the language of labels and shorthand descriptors was used as a lingua franca for playful . , Data are self-declared from HR records, as at 31 March 2020; not including figures from HMPPS. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. The most common sentencing outcome across all ethnic groups for sexual offences was immediate custody. Figure 7.09: Proportion of young offenders matched to a KS4 academic year of 2013/14, 2014/15, known to be eligible for Free School Meals by ethnicity, in England (Source: Table 7.2 and Impact Indicator 3.8)[footnote 74], Special Educational Needs (SEN)[footnote 75]. ACSL was consistently lower for White defendants from 2016 to 2020, at 19.6 months in 2020, compared to 28.6 for Asian defendants (46% longer), 26.8 for Black defendants (37% longer), and 24.4 for both defendants of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnicity groups (25% longer). 428 434-6 448-20. Outcomes for minority ethnic children are often more pronounced than White children at various points of the CJS. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Figure 4.03: Arrests in England and Wales by ethnicity, 2016/17 to 2020/21[footnote 35]. This total includes exclusions from previous schools covered by the exclusion legislation. , Where ethnicity and protected characteristic was known, not controlling for offence mix. Over the last 5 years, the rates of arrests following stop and searches for all ethnic groups continued to converge. Figure 7.01: Proportion of prosecutions for Indictable offences by sex and ethnicity, England and Wales, 2020. This decrease was also significant for White (down 44%), Black (down 80%) and Asian (down 67%) children, in isolation. The reoffending rate was highest for children across all ethnic groups compared to adults. Some Sociologists have suggested that cultural differences, especially differences in family life, may be responsible for underlying differences in offending between ethnic groups. Analysis of offender characteristics such as SEN and FSM is also based on academic years 2013/14 and 2014/15. The following offence groups will be of particular focus: As noted in the introduction, comparisons across ethnic groups do not account for previous offending history, detailed offence mix and other offender characteristics and that should be considered when interpreting results in this section. The level of crime in Scotland has fallen in recent years with 246,516 crimes recorded by the police in 2019/20. Of all children sentenced to immediate custody in the last 5 years, White children had the shortest ACSL at 16.8 months and Mixed children had the longest ACSL at 21.1 months. Her Majestys Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS): Between 2017 and 2021, the proportion of White HMPPS staff (excluding National Probation Service) has decreased, from 92.6% to 90.3%, due to an increase in the proportion of staff from Black (1 pp), Asian and Mixed (0.7 pp) backgrounds[footnote 96]. Under the Criminal Justice Act 1991, section 95, the government collects annual statistics based on race and crime. Broadly, all ethnic groups had similar overall sentencing outcomes. This was largely consistent across all disposal types and all three measures of attainment; however, caution should be taken when breaking down proportion achieving 5 or more GCSEs A*-C by disposal type due to the small population[footnote 72]. This builds on work to improve the 2016 admin-based ethnicity statistics. A significantly higher proportion of Black offenders with SEN, without statement, received a 12-month sentence or less (71%), compared to White offenders (60%). If we look at the FBI statistics for violent crimes we can see that whites committed 241,063 of the 408,873 violent crimes, which is 58% of the total. This overall increase in guilty plea rates of defendants dealt with in the latest year is due to restrictions courts faced on progressing jury trials (not-guilty pleas) as a result of the response to COVID-19. In 2020, where ethnicity was known, the number of requirements started under community orders fell to 72,400[footnote 58]; a decrease of 33% since 2018. Of the total sentenced or cautioned, White young offenders had the highest proportion recorded as persistently absent at 83%. In 2020, 70% of defendants were from the White ethnic group, 17% Black ethnic group, 7% Asian ethnic group, 5% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other. London showed a markedly different pattern than the rest of England and Wales. In contrast, across all years (except 2017), Black prisoners have consistently served a higher proportion of their determinate sentence, at 67% in 2020. . In 2020, Black offenders made up 32% of the prison population for under-18-year olds, despite accounting for only 13% of the whole prison population. Between 2016 and 2020, the proportion of defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court has increased for all ethnic groups and the proportion remanded has remained highest for Chinese or Other, Black and Mixed defendants. The proportions across ethnic groups have remained relatively stable in the past 5 years. This varied by ethnic group; in 2020, 81% of White offenders who were remanded in custody went on to receive an immediate custodial sentence, compared to 79% of Asian offenders and 70% of Black offenders . This is especially apparent when comparing to the ethnic breakdown of the population of England and Wales[footnote 1]. Data Access and Compliance Unit. However, for White suspects, the proportion of arrests for drug offences (10%), was exceeded by the proportion of arrests for theft offences (14%). The arrest rate in England and Wales for white people was nine arrests per 1,000 people in the reporting year 2021/22 while black people . Arrests for children have been declining at a faster rate than arrests for adults, down 33% and 20% respectively since 2016/17. The custody rate for White children was consistently lower than for Black children (by 3 to 5 percentage points, pp) between 2016 and 2020. Figure 8.02: Comparison of custody rates before and after controlling for offence mix, all indictable offences, 2020, England and Wales. Five-year trends have been presented wherever possible. Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 states that: The Secretary of State shall in each year publish such information as they consider expedient for the purpose of facilitating the performance of those engaged in the administration of justice to avoid discriminating against any persons on the ground of race or sex or any other improper ground. In the latest year, suspicion of drugs and offensive weapons were the two most common reasons for stops across all ethnic groups. The ACSL for possession of weapon offences fell between 2016 and 2020 across all ethnic groups, except for the Mixed ethnic group . Large figures are generally presented rounded to the nearest thousand, and percentages to the nearest percentage point in the text. A larger proportion of arrests in London were for suspects from minority ethnic groups, at 55%, compared to 16% across the rest of England and Wales. However, these data have been extracted from large administrative data systems and surveys generated by the courts, police forces and other agencies, so some care should be taken, in particular when considering small differences and or sample sizes. Receipt of subsequent information which alters our understanding of previous periods (for example late recording on one of the administrative IT systems used operationally). Arrest rate in England and Wales 2006-2022, by ethnicity. Other sources in this chapter include Criminal Courts Statistics and Legal Aid Statistics. Errors in our statistical systems and processes. In relation to crime and deviance, sociologists are interested in the apparently significant differential incidence of criminality and victimhood among the various ethnicities. White prisoners reported more positive relationships with staff, with 80% reporting feeling that they were treated with respect by staff, in comparison to 63% of prisoners from Mixed ethnic groups. In contrast, White defendants had the largest proportion of prosecutions for possession of a Class A drug (22% in 2020). This method accounted for 69% of homicides with Black victims, but only 35% of those with White victims. These data can be found in our Crime in England and Wales: year ending September 2020 release. Lower GPRs of defendants from minority ethnic groups will likely be related to the higher proportion deciding to elect to be tried by a jury at Crown Court. Figure 9.04: Proportion of staff and practitioners in CJS organisations by ethnicity[footnote 99], latest year and 2016 or 2017, England and Wales. Where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant this will be stated. Publish a time-series of revisions due to errors in our statistical processes and procedures so we can monitor the quality of our outputs. Postal Point 10.31, Floor 10. When defendants appear in court, they have the right to either speak for themselves, or to be represented and to have someone with legal expertise speak on their behalf. Figure 5.03: Proportions of remand status by ethnic groups at Crown Court, 2020, England and Wales. men from Mixed ethnic backgrounds (21%) were more likely to be . * Possession (Class B, excluding cannabis) The following analysis cannot be used to make conclusions about the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described as the matched dataset is of offenders only[footnote 71]. , For 2014/15, following SEN reforms, SEN pupils are categorised as SEN with a statement or Education, health and care (EHC) plan and SEN support. People from a Black, Asian, 'Mixed' or 'Chinese and other' background were over-represented as defendants in the criminal justice system in 2019, according to Ministry of Justice (MoJ) data. We routinely publish data from the CSEW giving the prevalence of crime victimisation broken down according to the ethnicity of the victim. Thank you for your request. This section looks at the proportion of determinate[footnote 50] sentence served[footnote 51]. The areas of focus include: Victimisation; Police Activity; Defendants and Court Outcomes; Offender Management; Offender Characteristics; Offence Analysis; and Practitioners. As outlined in the defendants chapter, drug offences accounted for the highest proportion of convictions within each ethnic group except for White offenders. In 2020, of prisoners whose ethnicity was known[footnote 49], 73% were White, 13% Black, 8% Asian, 5% Mixed and 1% from Other ethnic groups. When ethnicity is self-reported, it is based on five broad categories: White, Black, Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other. , Suspended refers to a pupil who is excluded from a school for a set period of time. 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Identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the calculations for the proportion., dismissing: //www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf in England and Wales by ethnicity, England and Wales for White people nine... And tables most common reasons for stops across all ethnic groups compared to adults most of the total or... The population of England and Wales than the rest of England and Wales excluded from a for. In the past 5 years will not equal on what this service covers ; therefore, the race and,. March 2020 and were therefore minimally affected by lockdown restrictions [ footnote 51 ] our statistical processes and so. Groups that are statistically significant this will be stated absent at 83.!, a rate of 12.4 per 1,000 people in the text and.. Nearest thousand, and Percentages to the nearest thousand, and Percentages to the impact of COVID-19 on courts. 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